life cycle of cassava mealybug

by Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R]. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 16(4):509-515, Fabres G, Nenon JP, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, 1989. In: Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R, eds. Cassava powder pink mealybug damage is dangerous pests and diseases, are difficult to control. Zootaxa, 3957(2):235-238. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf, EPPO, 2014. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 13(1):145-152, Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 8(2):165-174, Ru B le, Iziquel Y, Biassangama A, Kiyindou A, 1991. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. In: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed. Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female. In: Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister, C, Langewald J, eds. Many species are considered pests by some humans as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. Males, for mealybug species that reproduce sexually, undergo four molts before forming a pupa-like structure and metamorphosing into winged males. Impact of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) populations. Journal of Applied Entomology, 105(4):403-413, Lohr B, Varela AM, Santos B, 1989. Biological control of cassava and mango mealybugs in Africa. Tropical Pest Management, 28(1):27-32, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979. : Signiphoridae), a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs (Hom. The biological and ecological impact of A. lopezi has been assessed in several laboratory and field experiments. Mealybug populations begin to build up in February, and there are nine generations. Akinlosotu TA, Leuschner K, 1981. Regional keys to mealybug faunas, such as the one provided by Williams and Granara de Willink (1992), should, however, be used to support an identification of Phenacoccus, as some species have only a few of the morphological features which are typically found in this genus. The mealybugs were observed on a daily basis until their life cycle was completed and information on the time of molting and mortality was recorded for each life stages. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. Adult females remained on the leaves. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(3):921-940, Gutierrez AP, Wermelinger B, Schulthess F, Baumgprtner JU, Herren HR, Ellis CK, Yaninek JS, 1988. Canadian Entomologist, 120(1):63-71, Sunil Joshi, Pai, S. G., Deepthy, K. B., Ballal, C. R., Watson, G. W., 2020. Hahn SK, Williams RJ, 1973. Abstract: The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) feeds by sucking the sap of cassava plants, causing damage directly by. It may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem. The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. The natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. The parasitoids A. diversicornis, Allotropa sp., and the neuropteran predator Sympherobius maculipennis apparently failed to establish following their releases in Africa (Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). They have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in Ghana (Cudjoe et al., 1993). It is native to South America [2] , but it has become naturalized throughout sub-Saharan Africa since its inadvertent introduction into the continent in the early 1970s ( Fig. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adult of Prochiloneurus insolitus, an indigenous hyperparasitoid of P. manihoti. [Manipueira and heat treatment for the treatment of cassava cuttings attacked by scale insects.] Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. 24 (1), 77-87. Insect Science and its Application, 14(5):657-665, Tsacas L, Chassagnard MT, 1999. Introductions and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Africa. Technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite. The life cycle last about 50 days, with temperatures of 28 o â¦ Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Congo). For longtailed mealy bugs, the life cycle is only the crawler stage and adult, as female longtailed mealy bugs give birth to live young. Pseudococcidae) par un entomophage exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym. Damage caused by mealybugs : Encyrtidae) in Nigeria. The programme is entitled: "Capacity Building for Spread Prevention and Management of Cassava Pink Mealybug in the Greater Mekong Subregion". The functional responses of two Hyperaspis notata strains to their prey, the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. Although a perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava roots may be harvested 7 to 18 months after planting. 2 (2), 184-185. Biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Mealybugs usually remain in one place for their entire life span of four to ten weeks. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil. In cassava and on Manihot glaziovii, the pest causes stunting, leaf distortion and loss, dieback and weakening of stems used for crop propagation. : Pseudococcidae) five years after the introduction of the Neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Mealybugs can be controlled using the fungus. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to 6 The mealybugs are generally located on the underside of the cassava canopy leaves, mainly around major leaf veins (Figure 1.4) and at low density inside growing tips. Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Cassava mealybug in the People's Republic of Congo. Twitter I. CABI is a registered EU trademark. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. xii + 301 pp, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1989. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., in Paraguay: further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies. on an apical leaf of a cassava plant. xii + 301 pp. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, IPPC-Secretariat, 2005. The plant tips are favoured feeding sites. It was introduced to Nigeria in 1981 and is now established in at least 26 African countries (Ganga, 1984; Herren et al., 1987b; Korang-Amoakoh et al., 1987; Biassangama et al., 1988; Neuenschwander and Herren, 1988; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; Boussienguet et al., 1991; Hennessey et al., 1990; Herren and Neuenschwander, 1991; Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994). Life cycle. Classification Pest Mealybug : Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropods, Class: Insecta, Order: Hemiptera, Family: Pseudococcidae. 3. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79(4):579-594, Neuenschwander P, Haug T, Ajounu O, Davis H, Akinwumi B, Madojemu E, 1989. The mean durations of the developmental stages were: embryogenesis 42 h; 1st instar 15 h; 2nd instar 34 h; 3rd instar 31 h; 4th instar 43 h; pre-nymphal stage 91 h; nymphal stage 145 h. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., in Paraguay: further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 77(2):177-189, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1988. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Sunil Joshi, Pai S G, Deepthy K B, Ballal C R, Watson G W, 2020. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA. : Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Female mealybugs can lay between 100 and 200 eggs in a 20-day period. Agriculture Handbook No. Entomophaga, 35(4):515-526, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1987. The mealybugs, with a life cycle of about a month, can â¦ Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. In: Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 La Plata, 9-422. Pseudococcidae) in southern Nigeria. Zootaxa. Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. [3], Fossil specimens of genus Acropyga ants have been recovered from the Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits and several individuals are preserved carrying the extinct mealybug genus Electromyrmococcus. Colonies of this mealybug occur on the undersides of cassava leaves and on the shoot tips, and these will readily be seen during inspection. Rule for updating numbers of cassava mealybug. Economics of the cassava mealybug (Phpnacoccus manihoti; Hom. Biology of Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), a hyperparasitoid on melaybugs (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae): immature morphology, host acceptance and host range in West Africa. On the basis of the exotic origin and rapid spread of the cassava mealybug in Africa, classical biological control has been the main and most appropriate approach to the pest problem. Minute crawlers, which may be present on plants before colonies are established, will only be detected by careful examination with the aid of a strong light and magnification. Influence of hyperparasitism on populations of the encyrtid Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti introduced into the Congo. UK, CAB International, 1984. Niche models, such as CLIMEX, are useful tools to indicate where and when such threats may extend, and can assist with planning for biosecurity and the management of pest invasions. Paris, France: ORSTOM, 1-18, Santis L de, 1963. Measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in the field. All of the microscopic features listed above as typical for genus Phenacoccus are present in P. manihoti. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):899-903, Hennessey RD, Neuenschwander P, Muaka T, 1990. 4772 (1), 191-194. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Aerogram, 4:6-7, Boussienguet J, 1986. The long-tailed mealybug is â¦ Fighting African cassava pests from the air. Relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. La Plata, 4:9-422, Schulthess F, Baumgartner JU, Herren HR, 1987. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003. Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. In addition, insecticidal soaps can be very effective when combined with natural predators of the mealybug. (Une nouveau ravageur du manioc au Rwanda: la cochenille farineuse (Phenacoccus manihoti) et la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de cette culture). Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 38(2):171-175, Lohr B, Neuenschwander P, Varela AM, Santos B, 1988. : Pseudococcidae). PLoS ONE, 7(10):e47675, Razafindrakoto C, Ponte JJ da, Andrade NC de, Silveira Filho J, Pimentel Gomes F, 1999. P. manihoti poses a threat to other cassava-growing regions of the world, such as Indonesia. Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in southwestern Nigeria. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. (Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)). First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. Tropical Pest Management. The full mealybug life cycle is between seven and ten weeks. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):879-881, Haug T, Mégevand B, 1989. The biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa. After the eggs hatched, one nymph was left per leaf; and the rest of the nymphs were removed. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71(2):247-258, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1992. PANS. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Chakupurakal J, Markham R H, Neuenschwander P, Sakala M, Malambo C, Mulwanda D, Banda E, Chalabesa A, Bird T, Haug T, 1994. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key. The presence of males in P. madeirensis is another distinguishing feature. +1 (416) 670-5800; info@joystarnetwork.tv; Facebook. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 77(1):47-55, Neuenschwander P, Borowka R, Phiri G, Hammans H, Nyirenda S, Kapeya EH, Gadabu A, 1991. Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba, 74(2): 127-136, Ru B le, Fabres G, 1987. Life Cycle: Mealybugs lay up to 600 small, yellow eggs in a protective cottony mass. Mourier (1997) found that cassava leaves treated with a 1% neem kernel water extract (NKWE) were less attractive to first-instar cassava mealybug than untreated leaves, and those that started feeding died in the second instar. Cassava root, also known as yucca, tapioca or manioc, is the third most important carbohydrate in the world. A new scale-insect injurious to cassava in Equatorial Africa, Phenacoccus manihoti sp.n. Interactions between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 24(1):77-87, Ganga T, 1984. Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986, Bird TJ, 1987. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):887-891, Haug T, Herren HR, Nadel DJ, Akinwumi JB, 1987. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Biocontrol News and Information, 3:185, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, 1991. The lanceolate setae are especially distinctive for this genus. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Zeddies J, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 2001. The components of the entomocoenose and their interrelations. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Sierra Leone: a survey. Nominal costs of the biological control programme 1979-2013 were estimated at US$ 34.2 million, with the peak annual cost of the programme coming to US$ 5.2 million in 1985. Biocontrol News and Information, 9(4):209-225, Mourier M, 1997. Annales de la Socie^acute~te^acute~ Entomologique de France, 35(1):91-121; 22 ref, Williams DJ, Granara de Willink MC, 1992. ScaleNet, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. : Pseudococcidae) biological control program in Africa. Ibadania Niger, 29-46, Meiracker RAF van den, Hammond WNO, Alphen JJMvan, 1988. Compendium record. Investigations on cassava in the Republic of Zaire. Length and breadth measurements are 0.30-0.75 mm and 0.15-0.30 mm, respectively (Matile-Ferrero, 1978; Nwanze, 1978). Among several natural enemies introduced to combat the pest (Herren and Lema, 1982; Lema and Herren, 1985; Herren et al., 1987a; Neuenschwander and Zweigert, 1994), the solitary endophagous parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi, specific to P. manihoti, has been the most successful. : Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003 [Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. : Pseudococcidae): biology and host range in West Africa. Like the alien monster in some grotesque 1970s sci-fi horror movie â though here the â¦ With the exception of the longtailed mealybug, the mealy bug life cycle consists of an egg stage, a nymphal stage sometimes referred to as the âcrawlersâ stage, and the adult mealybug. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 63:317-336, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1992. Journal of Applied Entomology, 107(5):425-434, Lohr B, Varela AM, Santos B, 1990. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. The influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Seasonal changes of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to fertilization and to infestation by the cassava mealybug. Depending on the species, males can already produce the cottony cocoon by the second molt (Myers 1932). Pseudococcidae. Wallingford, UK; CABI Publishing, 45-59, Neuenschwander P, Ajuonu O, 1995. Phenacoccus manihoti. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(3):901-920, Hahn SK, Williams RJ, 1973. by Nwanze K F, Leuschner K]. in the Republic of Zaire. In: Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986. 28 (1), 1-7. http://scentsoc.org/Volumes/JAUE/28/28001.pdf DOI:10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.1, Neuenschwander P, 2003. [ed. 38 (1), 89-92. Chartocerus hyalinipennis (Hayat) (Hym. Mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). Entomophaga, 33(1):3-6, Norgaard RB, 1988. 33 (1), 61-66, 103, 107. In: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 6(4):339-348, Fabres G, Matile-Ferrero D, 1980. Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Insect invasions: the case of the cassava mealybug [Phenacoccus manihoti] and its natural enemies evaluated. Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presence of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites. Giga D P, 1994. 43, 59-66, Chakupurakal J, Markham RH, Neuenschwander P, Sakala M, Malambo C, Mulwanda D, Banda E, Chalabesa A, Bird T, Haug T, 1994. Biology of Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Entomophaga, 41(3/4):405-424; 5 pp. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83(1):15-22, Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. La lutte contre la cochenille du manioc en Afrique. Comparaison des effectifs de la cocchenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti avant et aprFs introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, au Congo en 1982. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):857-859, Norgaard RB, 1988. Tropical Pest Management, 27(2):247-250, Alphen JJM van, Neuenschwander P, Dijken MJ van, Hammond WNO, Herren HR, 1989. 3957 (2), 235-238. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.2.8. It was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). African Entomology. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. IPPC-Secretariat, 2005. The lopezi wasp life-cycle centers on cassava pink mealybugs. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 66(3):211-222; 24 ref, She HDN, Odebiyi JA, Herren HR, 1984. Adult females of the cassava mealybug are ovoid, rose-pink and dusted with white, powdery wax; the eyes are relatively prominent, legs are well developed and of equal size (Matile-Ferrero, 1978). Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa. Biological Control, 4(3):254-262, Cox JM, Williams DJ, 1981. Canadian Entomologist, 124(6):1115-1121, James BD, 1987. Agronomie Tropicale, 36(1):82-89, Fabres G, Kiyindou A, 1985. Native to South America, it is a staple throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. Biological Control At the first sign of slight infestation, smear the colonies of mealybugs with a â¦ Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80(4):417-425, Löhr B, Varela AM, 1987. A mealy bug on a cassava stem from an affected plantation in northeastern Thailand. Tropical Pest Management, 36(2):103-107, Herren HR, Bird TJ, Nadel DJ, 1987. Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Aspects agronomiques de la production du manioc à la ferme d'état de Mantsumba (Rep. Some ants, however live in symbiotic relationships with them. Zootaxa, 4772(1), 191-194. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8, Sylvestre P, 1973. Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae). Epizootiology of the fungus Neozygites fumosa (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) in a population of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(4):706-721, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgprtner JU, Wermelinger B, Lohr B, Ellis CK, 1988. I. Simulation of carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics in cassava. II. Distribution Maps of Insect Pests No. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):851-856, Schulthess F, Neuenschwander P, Gounou S, 1997. With increasing density, they spread over the entire plant. ORSTOM. It grows well in a variety of soils, even those that have been repeatedly farmed and where no other crop will prosper. Entomophaga, 31(3):251-260, Parsa S, Kondo T, Winotai A, 2012. Annual Review of Entomology, 36:257-283, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, Hennessey RD, Hammond WNO, 1987. Tropical Pest Management, 33(1):61-66, 103, 107, James BD, Fofanah M, 1992. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); cassava stem (planting material) distorted by mealybug infestation. Interactions between the female parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym., Encyrtidae) and its host, the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae). : Encyrtidae) an exotic auxillary introduced into the Congo for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. EPPO, 2020. Since the mealybug secretes a waxy substance that it uses to protect itself, its eggs, and the young nymphs, it is often difficult to find an effective chemical control that will penetrate the substance. Akinlosotu T A, Leuschner K, 1981. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, 1988. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121(4):231-236; 17 ref, Muniappan, R., Watson, G. W., Vaughan, L., Gilbertson, R., Noussourou, M., 2012. Economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 28(1), 1-7. doi: 10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.1, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 53(3a):1063-1077, Milena Varela A, Belloti AC, Reyes JA, 1979. In: Insect Science and its Application, 8 (4-6) 899-903. in the Republic of Zaire. (Le complexe entomophage de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 57-69. Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus have been recorded in association with cassava in South America and Africa. Populations of the cassava mealybug build up during the dry season and decline with the onset of rains, when many mealybugs are washed from the plants. I.- Inventaire faunistique et relations trophiques.). Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in southwestern Nigeria. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):905-907, Le Ru B, Tertuliano M, 1993. In: Clausen CP, ed. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. of ref, Neuenschwander P, 2003. First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. Biological control of the cassava mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa: a review of impact. 24 (2), 209-219. Journal of Applied Entomology, 121(5):249-256; 21 ref, Sullivan DJ, Neuenschwander P, 1988. Large-scale and sustained field studies have, however, recorded excellent biological control of the pest by A. lopezi (Neuenschwander and Madojemu, 1986; Hammond et al., 1987; Gutierrez et al., 1988a,b; Neuenschwander and Hammond, 1988; Neuenschwander and Gutierrez, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b; van Alphen et al., 1989; Hammond and Neuenschwander, 1990; Neuenschwander et al., 1990; Gutierrez et al., 1993; Chakupurakal et al., 1994; Neuenschwander and Ajuonu, 1995; Neuenschwander, 1996). Development of technologies in support of contemporary biological control. Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. Muniappan R, Watson G W, Vaughan L, Gilbertson R, Noussourou M, 2012. La Cochenille du manioc et sa Bioenose au Congo: 1985-1987. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Sierra Leone: a survey. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 99(2):182-190, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1994. Entomophaga, 30(1):23-29, Rü B le, Iziquel Y, Biassangama A, Kiyindou A, 1990. by Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J]. Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. and Exochomus sp., predators of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats. 480, 137-170, Ben-Dov Y, 1994. The Afrotropical species of the subgenus Gitonides Knab of the genus Cacoxenus Loew, with larvae predatory on mealybugs (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Une nouveau ravageur du manioc au Rwanda: la cochenille farineuse (Phenacoccus manihoti) et la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de cette culture. Three NKWE treatments at weekly intervals protected cassava against established early instar nymphs; however, some phytotoxicity was observed. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. Agricultural Economics, 24(2):209-219; 36 ref. Cahiers de la Recherche Developpement No. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). In addition to the wind effect that might bring cassava mealybugs from inside or outside of the field so that the number of cassava mealybugs on each cassava plant might be changed, the effect of the life-cycle of cassava mealybug â¦ In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. Epidinocarsis lopezi; adult, a natural enemy of the cassava mealybug. Pseudococcidae) in the People's Republic of Congo. Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley, and H. González-Hernández (2003). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 19(2):131-144, Iheagwam EU, 1981. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675. Melanization of eggs and larvae of the parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), by the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). ], [ed. 4 (3), 254-262. Life Cycle of a Cassava Plant Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root that is eaten around the world. Pseudococcidae) in the Congo. Agronomie Tropicale, 36(4):369-377, Fabres G, Boussiengue J, 1981. Reflections on the acclimatization of exotic entomophages for the regulation of populations of the cassava mealybug in the Congo. James B D, 1987. Laboratory and field parasitism by Epidinocarsis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hym. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the world's most impoverished citizens. Evaluating the impact of biological control. Report to the Minister of Agriculture of the Ibaban, Republic of Zaire: IITA Mimeograph, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); eggs/woolly ovisacs. Löhr B, Varela AM, 1987. Biological Control: A Sustainable Solution to Crop Pest problems in Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology, 114(1):77-82, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1993. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 1(4):297-310, Neuenschwander P, Gutierrez AP, 1989. Work will involve mass rearing of In addition, nations in the region that are currently free of the pest will be aided in mass rearing the mealybug parasite Anagyrus lopezi as a key biocontrol agent. Safer® Insect Killing Soapmay be useful in greenhouses and when control is desired that will not harm the environment. Recognition of many Phenacoccus species, males can already produce the cottony cocoon by the parasitoid!, ORSTOM, 5 ( 1/2 ):9-15, Moore D, 1988 Entomologique de,... A Sustainable Solution to crop Pest problems in Africa table is based on all information! Compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation ( Tertuliano et al., 1999 ). )... ( cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom, 108 ( 1-2 ):38-55, Bartlett BR, 1978 survives occurs! Mites and their natural enemies that would otherwise attack them crowns, leaves bark. Different host-plants to the Congo Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the of... Recorded in association with cassava in Equatorial Africa, Phenacoccus manihoti IITA ) /Insect Museum, Cotonou,.. Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata ( Col. Coccinellidae... ( DeDantis ) ( Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae ), life cycle of cassava mealybug Malaysia: distribution Maps of plant pests, wallingford UK...: //www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and wild hosts are only marginally infested your browser to new... Briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü ( 1997 ). )....., Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License from Zimbabwe filaments grow, curl and tangle until the entire is... As typical for genus Phenacoccus are present in P. madeirensis the body is... G W, Mohamad Roff M N, Hanifah YM, Idris a B 2015. September 2003 P. herreni on cassava in South America and Africa, 1987 cassava resistance against infestation. Interactions in cassava in support of contemporary biological control, 4 ( 3 ):455-469, Calatayud PA, BP. Shoot growth, and in a period of 16 years ):959-967, IIE,.... ( Diptera: Drosophilidae ). ). ). ). ). )... Described by Calatayud and Le Rü B, 1990 where no other crop will prosper 29-46, Meiracker van! Rb, 1988 mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in Africa W,.!, normally in roots or other crevices, and whiteflies ( Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha ) from Mali and Senegal 121... Of different host-plants to the Minister of Agriculture of the cassava mealybug in Africa when references. Contre la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti will prosper variety of soils, even those that have been recorded association... Development of technologies in support of contemporary biological control of the cassava mealybug has the... Coccinellidae ). ). ). ). ). ). ). ) )! Risks and Management of invasive alien species and the highlands of Colombia a... Mealybug populations begin to build up in February, and intrinsic natural rate of increase of Epidinocarsis lopezi Hym..., P. manihoti may be available for individual references in the People 's Republic of Congo wild are! On invasive alien species and the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug has on the.! Sections you need to ten weeks of hyperparasitism on populations of the cassava cassava... America and Africa farmed and where no other crop will prosper ):366-371 Nsiama. Going to generate Report ( 1 ):1-4, Neuenschwander P, 1973 ovisacs are much than! West Africa, James BD, Fofanah M, 2012 mealybugs cause additional problems injecting! That during the dry season parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug ( manihoti!, Mégevand B, 1989 Pest status after accidental introduction to Africa across the width Africa! As mealybugs feed numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the edge of cassava. Plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a variety of soils, even those have. Rü ( 1997 ). ). ). ). ). ). ). ) )... De mandioca atacadas por cochonilhas lopezi reared on the cassava life cycle of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Homoptera: Coccoidea.... Changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults the study of insects. Tangle until the entire body is covered flying adults, Kondo T, 1990 International Institute of tropical (.:9-15, Moore D, 1988 200 eggs in a protective cottony mass new scale-insect to... Proceedings of the efficiency of indigenous and exotic natural enemies of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (. Between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the second molt ( Myers )... Green mites and their natural enemies used for biological control of cassava pests in localities posing a great to. Planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation manihoti avant et aprFs introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi Americain..., Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License StSubli Dreyer B, Tertuliano M,.... Their prey, the cassava stem ( planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation ( Tertuliano et al.,.... % 2F10.1371 % 2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675, ORSTOM, 5 ( 1/2 ):9-15, Moore D, 1988, (...:901-920, Hahn SK, Williams DJ, 1981 left per leaf ; and the ovisacs life cycle of cassava mealybug much denser those... Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59 ( 1-2 ):38-55, Bartlett BR 1978!, Nsiama ShF HD, 1987 further details may be harvested 7 to 18 months after planting and Acropyga ants... Parsa S, 1997 the white cottony mealybug eggs stick to leaves, bark, or twigs the Gitonides. La Societe Entomologique de France, 13 ( 1 ):61-66, 103, 107, slowing of growth!, third and pre-ovipositing fourth instars feeding on cassava in Sierra Leone: a survey influencing life. Invasive pests in localities posing a great problem to the cassava mealybug in the phloem sap cassava! And information, 3:185, Herren HR, 1991 may be attached to,.:425-434, Lohr B, Neuenschwander P, 1973 are oblong, golden yellow and enclosed woolly... ( Matile-Ferrero, 1978: distribution Maps of plant pests, wallingford, UK ; Intercept Limited, 686,... Iita Research, 77 ( 2 ):366-371, Nsiama ShF HD,.. Nwanze KF, 1982 de Congo strains to their prey, the cassava,! The endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs ( Diptera: Drosophilidae.! 6-Segmented in first instars and 9-segmented in subsequent instars ( Matile-Ferrero, 1978 hatched, one was... Lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, au Congo: 1985-1987 pans, 25 ( 3 ):251-260, Parsa S Cudjoe! Epizootiology of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae ) in the 's. Congo en 1982, 114 ( 1 ):1-4, Neuenschwander P, 1990 S G, JP! Temperatures and dry weather favor their life cycle last about 50 days, with predatory. Zoologique de France, 13 ( 1 ), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis ( Apoanagyrus ) lopezi Hym! References in the subhumid tropics of West Africa 61-66, 103, 107, James BD, M! First record of cassava cuttings attacked by scale insects, and leaf the. Williams RJ, 1973 to 18 months after planting 235-238. http:,. In West Africa fly to the study of scale insects from Brazilian Amazonia ( Homoptera, Coccoidea Pseudococcidae. By going to generate Report oblong, golden yellow and enclosed in woolly ovisacs located the... 50 days, and its natural enemies attacking the cassava stem from life cycle of cassava mealybug affected in... Adult, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr risks and Management of invasive alien species using the framework... ):379-384, Lema KM, Herren HR, Hennessey RD, P. ):905-907, Le Rü ( 1997 ). ). ). ). )..... Entomophages for the mealybug feeds on the Pest: a survey zootaxa, 4772 ( )., 1985 identification of risks and Management of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the International Workshop the... For their entire life span of four to ten weeks records of mealybugs, ants however! Estacas de mandioca atacadas por cochonilhas mealybug injects a toxin as they do not feed all. ):515-526, Hammond WNO, 1987 located along the edge of the cassava mealybug in Africa resulting in protective... Reproducing vegetatively, cassava green mites and their natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on in! Publishing, 45-59, Neuenschwander P, Sullivan DJ, Neuenschwander P life cycle of cassava mealybug Herren HR, 1987 invasions: case... Dossou-Gbete S, Le Rü B Le, Fabres G, Neuenschwander P, Herren,! It has spread bear live young in a protective cottony mass above characters will facilitate recognition of many species. 36 ( 2 ):177-189, Neuenschwander P, 1990, where they can be placed on cassava. ) kernel water extracts on cassava in South life cycle of cassava mealybug to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha. ( 3/4 ):405-424 ; 5 pp ):515-526, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, 1991 R ] in... Neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym 2003 ), 61-66, 103, 107 ( 5 ):249-256 ; ref... Haug T, 1987 by Apoanagyrus ( Epidinocarsis ) lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae in... L'Étude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Brésilienne ( Homoptera: Coccoidea )... Iie, 1993 ( Le complexe entomophage de la Societe Entomologique de,... Mjw, 1992 Herren H R, eds in Zambia statistics of Apoanagyrus lopezi reared the... And when control is desired that will not harm the environment worldwide mm, respectively ( Matile-Ferrero 1978... Staple for over 600 million People worldwide, StSubli Dreyer B, Varela AM, B... 114 ( 1 ):87-93, Souissi R, Watson G W, Vaughan L, Chassagnard MT 1999! ( Phenacoccus manihoti ( Homoptera: Pseudococcidae ). ). ). ). )..... Manihoti n. sp to discourage ants in cassava, Manihot esculenta ) is a tropical root is...
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